Philippine Army's Interest in Getting Indian ATAGS 155mm Towed Howitzer

Artillery pieces come as an essential component in fielding a land-based army, of which it coincides with platoons of infantry and armor that carry out an objective specific to each unit mentioned. For the personnel that is assigned to artillery units, this means carrying out a purpose of targeting and pulverizing enemy positions with guidance from frontline troops through an encrypted communication channel.

For the Philippine Army, it aspires additional towed howitzer to carry out its core mandate, aside from its successful use of self-propelled howitzer platforms like the ATMOS 2000 from Elbit Systems and its plans of acquisition of both rocket artillery and coast-based anti-ship missile systems as the entire armed forces shifts to external defense.

DISCUSSION OVERVIEW

India’s ATAGS 155mm howitzer deployed in position during an exercise.
Image Source.

Bilateral relations between countries usually involve matters relating to trade, tourism,  and better terms that bring benefit to the citizens of both countries that undertook a formal diplomatic approach, of which this can broaden more into matters related to national security and enhanced defense cooperation especially if both countries belong in the same region. This can get an extra mile for both countries that are like-minded and share a similar stance on security and principles like the one surrounding democracy.

This is exactly what happened to the bilateral relations between the Philippines and India in the recent visit made by the latter’s foreign minister to Manila in March 2024, whereby the Foreign Minister conveyed India’s support on the Philippines’ national sovereignty against an ever-assertive China, as both countries share common concerns regarding the red country’s territorial assertiveness, which is the West Philippine Sea for the Philippines and both the Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh for India.

At the backdrop of all current developments involving the ever-increasing diplomatic ties and cooperation between the Philippines and India that include matters regarding national defense, the former is actively seeking military hardware that actively in production in the latter’s military industrial facilities, of which this points to the Philippine Army’s full interest in getting the ATAGS 155mm towed artillery gun. The artillery pieces share almost the same 155mm caliber with the ATMOS 2000 SLPH that the Philippine Army has.

This interest comes as the Philippine Army desires to increase its involvement in the national government’s policy push into external defense posture, as the ideal supplementary requirement that the ATAGS 155mm towed artillery pieces can help augment the needed tools for shore-based defense application. While this is an interesting push, the preference of the land service branch of the Philippine Armed Forces primarily focuses more on both shore-based missiles and rocket artillery for this initiative.

The Philippine Department of National Defense (DND), in context, is pushing for the approach for external defense called as the ‘Comprehensive Archipelagic Defense Concept’ or CADC, whereby its primary focus is on the Philippine military and other relevant agencies plus instrumentalities to gear up into bringing additional capabilities intended for the country’s territorial defense, push through the Re-Horizon 3 phase. The Philippine Army’s push for coastline missile platforms and artillery is in line with this initiative.

Aside from the ATAGS 155mm towed artillery pieces, the Indian government has provided the Armed Forces of the Philippines some military hardware that really helps push the current initiative of the government for territorial defense posture, with the BrahMos anti-ship missiles being the highlight acquisition project that is a starting signal of the increased cooperation for both countries regarding national defense. In context, the Philippine Marine Corps expects to receive it in the year 2024.

With the increasing bilateral cooperation between the Philippines and India comes in the spotlight, this article will delve more into the military hardware itself, with the details coming into the classic approach the website discusses, with understanding and faring the platform’s specifications to the other ones that the Philippine Army operates being the primary aim, with development history and company background comes as additional information into this comprehensive entry.

DEVELOPMENT ORIGINS

The 155mm ATAGS howitzer cannon is in position.
Image Source.

The ATAGS 155mm howitzer system, or Advanced Towed Artillery Gun Systems as it stands for, comes as an indigenously developed and produced a system that is part of the Indian government’s desire to produce its own military hardware in line with their policy initiative called “Make in India”, enabling the country to become a manufacturing hub of varying products for both internal usage and export. In terms of military hardware, this means enabling the country to export and gain a foothold in the global defense market.

India’s development of various military hardware, like the BrahMos missile systems, the Akash air defense missile system, and the ATAGS 155mm howitzer system are under the management of India’s DRDO or the Defence Research and Development Organisation. 

For the Indian-made howitzer system, DRDO made its partnership with a local Indian firm named Tata Advanced Systems Ltd and Bharat Forge Ltd, intended to modernize the artillery units within the Indian Armed Forces.

The development of the ATAGS 155mm howitzer by the Indians started in the early 2000s, whereby the Indian military took initiative into modernizing its armed forces, specifically the re-fleeting and reorganization of its artillery units. The Indian Army, based on their fully ambitious Field Artillery Rationalization Plan or FARP, aims to purchase at least 1,580 units of 155mm towed artillery gun systems, aside from other artillery of various configurations such as self-propelled ones, and calibers aside from the 155mm variant.

DRDO’s Armament Research and Development Establishment or ARDE division started the needed feasibility study and other preparation for the eventual design development of the ATAGS 155mm towed artillery gun system in the year 2009, of which it continued along the year 2012 when the overall development and design mission module of the project gets sanctioned to the ARDE. Further development carried out by the two aforementioned local Indian firms, in a partnership setup.

First firing tests took place in the year 2022, whereby the activity took place in the Pokhran Field Firing Range in a trial procedure, as part of the steps needed in ensuring the product’s compliance to the safety and end-user requirements before entering serial production and eventually entering the Indian Army service once the orders booked in. Initially, the Indian Army ordered at least 307 155mm ATAGS towed artillery gun pieces, after continuous development that came from 2013 to 2017.

Speaking of the phase of design development, while the feasibility and other preparations for the design development started in 2009, it is actually between 2013 and 2017 where design development gets actively materialized by the two local Indian firms that put extensive work into the project, again being the Tata Advanced Systems Ltd and Bharat Forge Ltd. Each of the components of the ATAGS 155mm towed artillery gun system comes at each responsibility of a firm, like Bharat Forge’s development of the gun barrel.

As the development and production of the ATAGS 155mm towed, artillery platforms will go with the two aforementioned Indian firms to supply the requirements set by the Indian Army and eventually to boost export prospects as part of the country’s “Make in India” initiative by actively marketing the artillery pieces to countries like the Philippines, the next discussion point delves more with the basic background of the two companies involved, and how this project cements their reputation as arms exporter later on.

THE COMPANIES’ BACKGROUND

The website screenshot of Tata Advanced Systems, one of two Indian firms that produces the ADAGS 155mm.
Website link here.

For the development of this project regarding the modernized variant of the Indian ATAGS 155mm howitzer system, it has identified that there are at least three (3) entities involved in the organization and improvement of the platform, of which it includes India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation. 

With the Indian premier research and development agency already covered in a separate article on the other offer that India has to the Philippine military, this portion will talk more about the two other firms involved.

The first among the two Indian firms involved is the Tata Advanced Systems Limited., as described on its website, that it is a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Sons and is the strategic Aerospace and Defense arm of the Tata Group. TASL, as abbreviated, is an entity that is both an operating and a holding company. The Tata Group, in its entirety, is a well-known Indian firm that comes as an essential value-creation entity that generates a portion of the Indian economy.

In context, the Tata Group has subsidiaries that, aside from the already-mentioned Tata Advanced Systems Limited, also owns Tata Motors, of which it produces vehicles of multiple types from passenger cars to trucks and buses that caters to the needs of the Indian automobile market. 

Another entity that Tata owns is India’s own flag carrier Air India, of which it has privatized from what was once a state-owned company after a successful sale made in 2021 and a year-long transition process that has followed.

Aside from the ATAGS 155mm artillery system produced by this Indian firm, Tata Advanced Systems Limited also produces the Akash Ground-based Air Defense System of that the Indian government has already presented its offer to the Philippine Navy’s Shore-based Air Defense Systems Acquisition Project, the ‘Pinaka’ multiple-launch rocket launcher that is an Indian-made MLRS similar to the ones offered to the Philippine Army’s Multiple-Launch Rocket Systems project, and C4I systems suites and solutions.

Another Indian firm to mention that provides a significant contribution to the development and production of the ATAGS 155mm howitzer system is the Bharat Forge, whereby like Tata Advanced Systems Limited, is also the one that provides multiple defense and security solutions that adheres to the requirements set by the Indian military. The company’s subsidiary that has the responsibility for defense development and solutions is the Kalyani Strategic Systems Ltd or KSSL.

As Tata Advanced Systems Limited belonging to the larger umbrella of the Tata Group, Bharat Forge in itself is an entity that oversees its diversified business chains, whereby its products include essential subcomponents for power companies to ensure uninterrupted power supply that forwards a country’s economy, essential subcomponents for drilling and extracting oil and gas that caters to the needs of businesses centered into this business, and auto components that the likes of Tata Motors benefited.

Both companies serve as a primary workhorse in India’s manufacturing industry‌, with Tata Group comes with multiple conglomerates that include Tata Advanced Systems Limited, which oversee production of military hardware for Indian military requirements that are proudly made in India, while Bharat Forge deals primarily in producing steel-forged subcomponents that comes essential for the needs of different industries mentioned, aside from providing essential subcomponents for the ATAGS 155mm howitzer. 

SPECIFICATIONS

The specific caliber of the ATAGS howitzer is 155mm x 52 caliber.
Image Source.

The specifications of the Indian ATAGS 155mm howitzer system provide a fully comprehensive view regarding its capabilities, especially when taken side by side to another type of howitzer artillery piece that the Philippine Army currently possesses in its inventory. 

At its overview, the primary giveaway regarding its capabilities is that it can fire a 155mm caliber artillery shell, a NATO standard artillery round that comes according to the NATO Joint Ballistics Memorandum of Understanding.

Aside from the ATAGS 155mm howitzer, other artillery platforms within the Philippine Army that employ the 155mm caliber artillery shell are the Elbit Soltam M71 155mm towed howitzer artillery system, the United States-produced M114 155mm artillery platform, and the Elbit ATMOS 2000 self-propelled howitzer system. 

These units are usually in complement with the service branch’s other artillery platforms that employ the 105mm artillery shell, notably the M101, M102, and M3 artillery that came from the United States.

Other technical specifications and features found within this Indian-made howitzer artillery system include an Automatic Ammunition Handling System (AHS), Zero Backlash Electrical drives - Electric gun system, Zone 7 charge fire ability, 80 kilometers per hour maximum speed upon towing mode, an elevation of 5° to 75° with the speed of 5°/sec, and traverse of 30° right and left. 

This means that it has features meant to ensure constant reliability and assured performance of the platform in terms of accuracy, precision, and firepower.

Talking about the dimensions of the platform, the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) 155mm caliber howitzer system has the mass of 18 long tons and 20 short tons, barrel length of 8060mm for the 155mm artillery shell to propel into its intended target, and requires at least six (6) to eight (8) personnel to man and operate the artillery platform. In terms of its firepower, the platform comes with a rate of fire of 5 rounds burst in 60 seconds, 10 rounds intense in 2 minutes and 30 seconds, and 60 rounds sustained in an hour (60 minutes).

In comparison, the Elbit Soltam M71 155mm caliber howitzer system comes with an elevation of -3° to +52° and a traverse of -+35° left and right. Another thing to point out is the difference on the caliber and the length of the gun barrel, as the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System of India comes with 52 caliber while the Soltam M71 comes with 39 caliber, making the former more capable of firing an artillery shell at longer distances because of having a longer barrel and larger chamber as compared to the Israeli-made towed artillery platform currently serving in the Philippine Army.

Another comparison to point out is the difference of the Indian-produced howitzer platform to the iconic M114 155mm howitzer from the United States, as this Second World War-era artillery still serves the Philippine Army, even though it sees eventual replacement with newer versions of 155mm artillery aforementioned in the article. 

The artillery’s barrel is shorter at 3.79m, capable of firing 155mm L/24.5 caliber munitions and it has a fire rate of 4 rates per minute maximum, 40 sustained rounds per hour, and a range of 14.6 kilometers maximum.

In the entirety, the Indian Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System or ATAGS 155mm howitzer platform presents as the one that can fire a caliber higher than the two other towed howitzers mentioned, especially that it comes with a longer barrel that gives it increased range and precision for the artillery shell to reach its target. 

As the Indian Army sets to receive its first orders of their indigenously built platform and countries like Armenia eyeing it, the platform offer to the Philippine Army may get a bit of traction, depending if it adheres to the end-user’s requirements.

IN SUMMARY

The Philippine Army has a handful of Soltam M-71 howitzers in its inventory.
Image from Wikimedia Commons.

The Philippines and India have seen recent developments regarding the ever-increasing vibrance of its bilateral relations, so much in an essence that both countries share similar concerns relating to the ongoing aggressions and assertiveness that a neighboring country like China comes in territorial spats. whereby economic and defense or national security ties get strengthened. It adds further that the latter succeedingly exports the former its BrahMos supersonic missile system for the Philippine Marine Corps. 

Aside from the BrahMos, the Indian government provides many military hardware that the Philippine Armed Forces and other agencies, such as the Philippine Coast Guard, may consider. Such systems include the Akash ground air defense system for the Philippine Navy’s shore-based air defense system, HAL Dhruv Helicopters and Dornier 228 aircraft for the Philippine Coast Guard’s helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft requirements, and the main topic, which is the ATAGS 155mm howitzer platforms for the Philippine Army. 

With the entire Armed Forces of the Philippines being with the national government’s push for improving the country’s capability for territorial defense as part of the Comprehensive Archipelagic Defense Concept or CADC of the Department of National Defense, it is understandable for a like-minded country like India to take part in any of the acquisition projects that the Philippine military has under the Re-Horizon 3 phase, as any contract awards secure means a lot for their Make in India's export initiatives.

The ATAGS 155mm howitzer platform comes as a latest deal offer from the Indian government, whereby others like the LCH Prachand attack helicopters and HAL Tejas fighter aircraft also come as offers that they have for the Philippine military to consider, although it remains to see as equivalent units for the mentioned platforms already comes within the inventory of the likes of the Philippine Air Force, such as the T-129 ‘ATAK’ Attack Helicopter from Turkey, and the preferred platforms under the MRF project.

To recall, the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System or ATAGS comes with a caliber and barrel length that differs from other platforms that the Philippine Army has, such as the Elbit Soltam M71 howitzer, as these factors play a significant role to the overall capabilities of the howitzer platform regarding its firepower, of which the accuracy and precision of an artillery shell fired plays a role in carrying out its functions as designed that determines an overall outcome of the conflict.

Artillery platforms such as the ATAGS 155mm howitzer comes as an essential component for the coastal defense of the Philippine military, as this complements other artillery types such as guided missile systems and rocket artillery, whereby it comes with the deterrence of providing maximum damage to enemy vessels and amphibious platforms that might pose a direct threat to the country’s national security and territorial integrity. These, in which, give the Philippine Army an active role for territorial defense.

In an ending note, the Indian government presents the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System or ATAGS 155mm as a military hardware option that the Philippine Army considers, although it is at the leadership’s discretion whether this platform comes appropriately to the requirements and plans that the entire Armed Forces of the Philippines have with its overall approach. With this platform in consideration, it signifies the country’s desire to invest in its defense, while improving ties with like-minded nations.

(c) 2024 PDA.

Share:

Read More

Philippine Army's PULS MLRS Offer from Elbit Systems

Getting its own Multiple-Launch Rocket System or MLRS from multiple sources is a paramount priority for the Philippine Army like its other projects under the Revised AFP Modernization Program, as this acquisition comes primarily for coastal defense that comes as a complement to the shore-based artillery and other guided missile systems that are in the implementing stage such as the Indian-made BrahMos missiles. 

The Israeli-based defense firm is keen on securing this acquisition project.

INTRODUCTION

Elbit Systems's PULS MLRS moving for deployment.
Image Source.

The Philippine Army is desiring to play a part in an ever-increasing military build-up through the Re-Horizon 3 phase, a process that usually prioritizes up-arming and improving the capabilities of both the Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Navy. 

This means that the priority projects of the Armed Forces of the Philippines usually come with multirole fighter jets and surface warships with complete armaments in mind, aligning to the concept of projecting the country’s military power in areas that it needs.

Despite being in the rear in terms of priority under this phase, especially now that external defense posture is in need and the Philippines being an archipelagic country, this does not stop the Philippine Army to set its own array of plans and programs under this revised phase of the Revised AFP Modernization Program or R.A. 10349. 

Both this service branch and their peers in the Philippine Marine Corps highlighted the need for ramping up coastline defenses, ranging from air defense systems to artillery platforms.

Currently, the Philippine Marine Corps are about to field their BrahMos supersonic missile systems from India, the same coast-based missile systems that the Philippine Army also aims to get under the Land-based Missile System of the organization. 

Likewise, the land service branch also set its eyes on acquiring MLRS or Multiple-Launch Rocket Systems, whereby its use as a coastal-based defense platform may come with bombardment saturation in mind, different from direct surgical precision that BrahMos missiles perform.

With the acquisition plans for supersonic missiles on the roll, the idea of getting MLRS as another type of coastal defense option gives the Philippine defense planners a wide range of options to further improve its external defense capabilities, whereby these units operate in sync or in unison with their counterparts that operate on high seas or in high altitudes within the country’s airspace. A capability of an MLRS battery showcases itself against waves of amphibious vessels that attempt to invade the country’s coastline.

Currently, the discussions on the Multiple-Launch Rocket System or MLRS for the Philippine Army usually come with three types of platforms to consider - the M142 HIMARS MLRS from the United States of America, the K239 Chunmoo MLRS from South Korea, and the Elbit PULS MLRS from Israel. 

The first MLRS platform mentioned has showcased its capability multiple times before the Philippine Armed Forces participants during the annual Balikatan exercises held by the alliance.

With the capability of the M-142 HIMARS MLRS captivated the minds of those participants during the annual bilateral exercises between the Philippines and the United States, the former is enthusiastically interested in securing such a platform and integrate it into its currently expanding array of interconnecting system that will define its external defense bottom-line. 

While this platform is capable, its price tag may limit the country’s options to getting this platform into the desired numbers required, given the limited funding.

This is where both the K239 Chunmoo MLRS from South Korea and the Elbit PULS MLRS attempts to fill in the void, whereby the former already has a discussion of its own by accessing this link right here. 

This leaves the Elbit PULS MLRS as the primary topic for discussion in this article, and by understanding it deeper, there will be an analytical conversation regarding the system, from its development history into its operations with different militaries, plus its specifications and comparison to the other systems mentioned.

HISTORY

Like the Rafael System’s Spyder Ground-Based Air Defense Systems of the Philippine Air Force, the Elbit PULS MLRS also comes installed onboard different truck chassis, just like this Czech Tatra truck in this image.
(c) Elbit, through this Image Source.

As discussed through many multiple-launch rocket system related topics made here on this website, the Elbit Systems PULS MLRS platform has an origin story, a concept and development process that has done by a lot of military tools and hardware that permeates to the stage when this comes as an idea, until it became a prototype for testing. 

Hereon, the prototype succeedingly passed development requirements, enabling it to enter active service, usually with the country of origin where the platform has developed.

Before the multiple-launch rocket system unit became the Elbit Systems PULS MLRS known today among the defense community in its present state, the system, during its phase of development and testing, came to be recognizable through a different name, which is the Lynx MLRS platform developed by a different entity named as the ‘Israel Military Industries’ or IMI. This entity and the projects it had, such as the Lynx MLRS, have integrated into Elbit Systems through the company’s acquisition of IMI in 2018.

There are no specifics on how the Lynx MLRS came into fruition, although several information coming from several defense outlets traced its entry to service at around mid-2000s, with Israel and Azerbaijan being its first users. Apparently, the only description provided for the Lynx MLRS is that Azerbaijan has purchased several of this type of Multiple-Launch Rocket System, with modifications introduced by the Israeli defense firm to suit Azerbaijani armed forces’ own requirements.

Going further, the Lynx MLRS comes with varying configurations, of which, at its current service, with the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, comes installed onboard Kamaz-740 50.360 diesel trucks that have originated from a Russian defense company of a similar name. 

Apparently, the rocket launchers can get installed into any type of truck that comes applicable to the recipient country, in a manner that goes similarly to how Rafael Systems’ Spyder Ground-Based Air Defense System fits on different truck chassis.

As the Lynx and eventually the PULS MLRS gets preferred by several armed forces when assessing the preferable option for such an artillery system like in the Philippine military’s case, substantiated discussions regarding its armament composition and delving deep into the different configurations provide further insights on the capabilities possess by this weaponry. 

The details then will come compared to other MLRS platforms already discussed previously, such as the K239 Chunmoo and the M142 HIMARS MLRS solutions.

LOADOUT CONFIGURATION AND SPECIFICATIONS

The different weapons configuration as shown in the image provided above, all of which are MLRS assets used by the Azerbaijani Armed Forces.
Image Source.

Like both the M142 HIMARS and the K239 Chunmoo Multiple-Launch Rocket Systems or MLRS, the Elbit PULS or Precise and Universal Launching System comes with multiple load-out configuration, which depends to the firepower requirements and mission objectives that the military end-user desires to have that have a lasting effect on its destruction when aimed against enemy units. Also, it puts the type of targets into consideration for an appropriate utilization of differing rocket systems.

The Elbit PULS multiple-launch rocket system incorporates two specialized PODS, each tailored for a specific type of rocket used for the applicable mission that the end-user aspires to conduct and achieve. 

This means that the PULS MLRS has the capability of carrying eighteen (18) Accular 122mm rockets, ten (10) Accular 160mm rockets, four (4) EXTRA rockets, and two (2) Predator Hawk Rockets. Take note that this comes differently to the munitions used by two other aforementioned MLRS systems.

Similarly to the PULS MLRS platforms, the Accular rockets mentioned also count as munitions produced by Elbit Systems Land Ltd., in which the manufacturer markets it as the highly accurate, combat-proven guided rocket system that helps improve artillery performance of the PULS, aside from being as a capable munitions mechanism designed to provide artillery support for ground troops in eliminating desirable targets after getting launched from this specific multiple-launch rocket system.

Specifically, different sizes of Accular rockets came with different ranges of capabilities presented. For the Accular 122mm rocket munitions system, its capabilities comprise with its range coming at around 35-40 kilometers carrying a 20-kilogram warhead, in which it can fit more onboard a PULS MLRS platform compared to the larger Accular 160 rocket munitions system. The latter munition comes with a similar range of 40 kilometers while carrying a 35-kilogram warhead, 15 kilograms more than the former.

Now, regarding the specifications of an Elbit Systems Land PULS multiple-launch rocket system, it comes intertwined again with the MLRS design it derived earlier, which is the IMI Lynx MLRS. 

In terms of its dimensions, the Lynx MLRS comes with a weight of twenty-five (25) tons, length of nine (9) meters, width of two point five (2.5) meters, and height of three (3) meters. The mobility of the platforms depends on the trucks that come with the platforms provided with the MLRS units provided.

Finally, another rocket munitions feature that typically comes with the PULS MLRS platforms is the ones called the EXTRA long-range, high-precision rocket munition that has the range of 150 kilometers and equipped with 120 kilogram unitary warhead, which either be the control fragmentation variant or the penetration variant. 

Elbit markets this as a munition appropriate to use in urban settings, as the supersonic rocket has critical infrastructure targets in mind - from command centers to transportation hubs.

The different rocket load-out that the Elbit PULS MLRS comes with provides a wide variety of options in fully optimizing its capabilities in different military, strategic, and operational requirements, enabling an end-user like the Philippine Army to use this feature to its advantage. 

It also comes with a superb capability of getting transportable by aircraft like C-130, of which this ability gets mentioned again upon initiating the comparison between three (3) MLRS platforms that the service branch currently considers.

COMPARISON

Both the K239 Chunmoo and the M142 HIMARS are under consideration by the Philippine Army for its MLRS project.
Image Source.

One essential component to determine the capabilities Elbit Systems Land’s PULS MLRS has in offering to the Philippine Army is to provide a metric that gives it direct comparison to the other units offered by other willing suppliers for the Multiple-Launch Rocket Systems or MLRS program, specifically the competitors such as the South Korean K239 Chunmoo and the U.S. M142 HIMARS MLRS. Like the PULS, the latter two MLRS units came with different weapons' load-out options for various mission requirements.

Speaking of weapons’ load-out options, the Accular 122mm and 160mm rocket systems come smaller to the average 227mm rocket rounds that both the K239 Chunmoo and the M142 HIMARS MLRS usually comes with, although it comes at part with the 130mm rocket load-out that the older K136 Kooryong MLRS uses and also eventually integrated as part of the K239 Chunmoo rocket options. This means that both HIMARS and Chunmoo MLRS systems came with heavier munitions with larger warheads.

One key advantage of the PULS MLRS to the likes of M142 HIMARS is that the former can get installed on the truck platform of choice that varies to each country and its militaries that purchase the rocket artillery pieces, whereas the M142 HIMARS always come with the Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) 5-ton truck as its mobility platform. The Chunmoo MLRS so far can fit on both the default South Korean-built truck chassis or, with Poland, the Jelcz 8x8 truck chassis for its Chunmoo (Homar-K) MLRS platforms.

Ultimately, the EXTRA long-range, high-precision rocket munition comes at 306mm sized caliber, with a range that is less than the Lockheed Martin ATACMS that the M142 HIMARS can carry at least one missile munition. In context, the Elbit PULS can carry at least four (4) rocket munitions of the EXTRA system. 

A better munition to compare the ATACMS is the Predator Hawk, of which it similarly comes with that 300 km range and 140-kilograms unitary warhead. The PULS can carry at least two munitions of this type.

The missile that South Korea’s K239 Chunmoo that competes in this field is the 600mm KTSSM-1 or the Korea Tactical Surface-to-Surface Missile, whereby its primary design is to neutralize North Korea’s artillery capabilities, although it comes lesser in range compared to the MGM-142 ATACMS and the Predator Hawk, yet it packs similar firepower as the former at an affordable price. 

The presented comparisons provided an insight of each advantage and disadvantages that each MLRS platform has for the Philippine Army to check and consider.

IN SUMMARY

Here is an image of a PULS MLRS platform unleashing a rocket in a trial exercise.
From Wikimedia Commons.

The Philippine Army pursues the acquisition of multiple-launch rocket systems or MLRS, as the entire Armed Forces of the Philippines, together with the Department of National Defense, gears itself into fortifying and solidifying the country’s territorial defense capabilities. 

This comes as the entire defense establishment’s adaptation of the new posture entitled ‘Comprehensive Archipelagic Defense Concept’ or CADC, with coastal defense being one of the essential components of this strategic shift.

This new defense concept developed by the country’s national defense department shows the grave significance of taking the country’s overall external defense situation into account, that the full modernization of the Armed Forces of the Philippines take center stage, alongside capabilities-related developments of both the Philippine Coast Guard and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, as all mentioned government instrumentalities play a vital role in asserting its national interest in the country’s EEZ.

As the acquisition projects of the Revised AFP Modernization Program being in its materialization phase under the Re-Horizon 3 period of the entire program, the Philippine Army is keen on securing its own set of military hardware geared for external defense, giving primary emphasis on both coastal-oriented defense systems of both rocket artillery and guided anti-ship missile platforms. As for the former, a close fight ensues between three MLRS platforms that the service branch sees into consideration.

The competition on the MLRS Acquisition Project, along with previous projects that Elbit Systems have with the Philippine Army, especially with its recent acquisition projects delivered like the Sabrah Light Tank of both ASCOD 2 and Pandur 2 chassis, plus the VBTP-MR Guarani 6x6 Armored Personnel Carriers gave the Israeli defense manufacturer the incentive to take part in this project, with their platform offered being the PULS multiple-launch rocket system, formerly being the IMI Lynx MLRS.

Like the other competitors in the MLRS project, the PULS MLRS presented by Elbit Systems comes with its own array of advantages and disadvantages for the Philippine Army to consider, especially if it fits with its primary metric, which is with the service branch’s own basic and advanced requirements that its leadership looks for a multiple-launch rocket system platform. Both the Accular and EXTRA rocket systems that came with the PULS presented come as capable munitions of its own right.

With the competition being a three-way street between the M142 HIMARS, K239 Chunmoo, and the Elbit PULS MLRS with the emphasis on competition being on the latter two multiple-launch rocket system solutions, the entire MLRS acquisition project comes as an ideal bet that not only helps the Philippine Army improve its rocket artillery capabilities after it discontinued its acquisition of K136 Kooryong MLRS from South Korea, but also in augmenting coastal missile systems such as the BrahMos missiles from India.

Ultimately, the awarding of the contract for the winning bidder of this MLRS project presents an opportunity for defense companies like Elbit to cement its foothold further within the Philippine defense market, especially that their delivery of light tank units and armored personnel carriers of both upgrade and new units in nature increase their good reputation as weapons supplier for the Philippine Armed Forces. And a victory on this project gives that affirmation even further.

(c) 2024 PDA.

Share:

Read More

Hanwha Ocean's KSS-III Submarine Offer for the Philippine Navy

The Philippine Navy is now clearly venturing more into its investment in purchasing submarines from different shipbuilders that gave an offer of their products and service solutions, in which this also put the resolve of not only the capabilities of this service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, but also to the current government policy of getting the entire military armed-up for external defense posture.

THE UPDATES FROM MULTIPLE NEWS HEADLINES

South Korean shipbuilder Hanwha Ocean upgraded its offer to KSS-III submarines for the Philippine Navy.
Image Source.

The Armed Forces of the Philippines is currently embarking on its greatest defense modernization package yet, as the Department of National Defense is now setting a budget amounting to around Php 2 Trillion, or US$35 Billion worth of defense package that will definitely boost the entire Philippine military for the upcoming years, with priorities aimed on both the Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Navy as all part of the country's adjusted Re-Horizon 3 phase.

This comes as the country's adjusted Re-Horizon 3 phase now being anchored on the "comprehensive archipelagic defense concept" whereby the entire Armed Forces of the Philippines are gearing itself more into projecting its power on areas of concern where the country's national interest and national sovereignty needs the most. This comes at the exact time as the Chinese assertiveness becoming more frequent in the West Philippine Sea.

Earlier in the year 2024, it has noted that the revisions Secretary of National Defense Gilberto Teodoro sought on regarding the Horizon 3 phase of the Revised AFP Modernization Program has approved by President Ferdinand Marcos Jr., sticking to the newly formed aforementioned concept that has coined that is in line with the government's external defense posture policy. This led to defense-related developments such as this that are worth checking out.

Speaking of developments, the Philippine Navy clearly expressed and raised its interest once more about its acquisition of submarines to boost its power-projecting capabilities across the waters within and beyond the country's archipelagic confines. In this statement made by the Navy spokesperson for the West Philippine Sea, he provided a sign that the naval service branch organization will purchase at least 'more than one' unit of submarine for its fleet.

This is not surprising, as the Philippine Navy actually has plans to get at least two to three units of submarines, of which this has corroborated multiple times on this defense website every time submarines are into discussion. 

The only difference now is that from our final update last year on this acquisition project, South Korea's Hanwha Ocean upgraded its offer from what has initially been the DSME-1400 PN or the Chang Bogo-class submarines.

As this is an improvement over the previously discussed submarine product that Hanwha Ocean initially markets to the Philippine Navy, this topic will primarily cover the usual things that discusses about a defense-oriented product, which is from its development down to its actual operations and specifications as compared to other competitors to the project, which is now added by one more shipbuilder (this will come in a separate discussion).

With this, the details provided will help further understand not only the edge and capabilities that this submarine and its shipbuilder have in offering for the Philippine Navy, but also the corporate structure that made Hanwha Ocean became what it is today from an entity once known as Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Shipbuilding of South Korea, while covering also its package deal that other shipbuilders also offering, such as training of personnel and a submarine maintenance facility.

KNOWING HANWHA OCEAN

This shipbuilding company became part of Hanwha Group just recently.
Image screenshot from their website.

In our other article about the DSME-1400 PN improved Chang Bogo-class Submarines, we have discussed the origin and development of the shipbuilding firm that once called ‘Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering’ or DSME, a firm recently bought out by Hanwha Group and is now what called as “Hanwha Ocean”. 

This means that while some information on DSME already gets discussed, there is more about this firm for us to unfold and understand its current organizational setup.

Hanwha Ocean in its current form has formed just recently, whereby it became officially part of the larger Hanwha Group in 2023 after they successfully reorganize the newly bought DSME into their fold, and along with it comes the marketing upsell attempts that its predecessor have pushed for the Philippine Navy. 

And like the company’s transformation, their offer for the submarine acquisition project has also transformed that they are now marketing a far more capable one to compete in this program.

The formation to its current position took place a year or two earlier, before it became what is now Hanwha Ocean, whereby the parent company bought a controlling 49.3% stake of Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering, which faced troubling times about its finances and operations. 

The amount of the transaction on this largest sale of a shipbuilding company that took place in recent South Korean history amounts to around KRW 2 Trillion, or US$1.4 Billion as converted during the time of the sale.

This saved Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering from getting engulfed by a competitor and also a fellow South Korean shipbuilding company, HD Hyundai Heavy Industries, of which its deal has stopped by a veto made by the European Commission that prevents any monopolies from setting up in the long run. So, from this point of view, the acquisition of DSME by Hanwha Group guarantees that competition is ongoing and ensures that there will still be an entity that competes with the likes of HD Hyundai.

Even before the marketing made by then-DSME and now Hanwha Ocean to the Philippine Navy takes place, the latter’s defense relations with Hanwha is not new, at least that is the case for another subsidiary of Hanwha Group named as ‘Hanwha Systems Ltd’. 

This comes with the case of the Philippine Navy’s Jose Rizal-class Frigates and the succeeding warships purchased by the naval service branch from HD Hyundai, in which it comes with Hanwha Systems’ Naval Shield ICMS as its subcomponent.

Hanwha’s successful sale of its Naval Shield for the Philippine Navy may serve as a preference for this newly absorbed subsidiary that once called ‘Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering’ or DSME in terms of reputation that a defense materiel supplier has to the end user, giving both a chance and a leverage for them as part of the marketing of their submarines to the Philippine Navy. Although this only goes as a single factor in considering their offer to this specific type of acquisition project.

With the understanding of the story of how DSME gets absorbed and became part of the Hanwha Ocean now getting clear, let us now discuss to this next part of this topic, which is on the development and construction of the KSS-III submarines by then-DSME to the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN), prior to the improvements that gets introduced along the way and eventually the version of the submarine that this shipbuilding firm sells to the Philippine Navy.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Hanwha Ocean's forerunner DSME conducted a keel-laying ceremony of ROKN's KSS-III Batch II submarine.
Image retrieved from Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA), via Image Source.

This South Korean-made submarine comes as the recent development made by both the country’s Defense Acquisition Program Administration or DAPA and then Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering or DSME, as a part of their continuous development of their indigenously built submarine development and production program, which traces back from the development of the Chang Bogo-class submarines, basically known as KSS-I on the South Korean submarine development phase.

Since the KSS-III submarine comes as the continuation of the submarine development employed by the South Korean Defense Acquisition Program Administration or DAPA, let us trace back to the development of the KSS-I submarines as a reference, with a full read available in a separate entry here. For reference, the KSS-I Chang Bogo-class submarines have its design traced back to the German Type 209 submarine, a vessel developed and produced by HDW or the Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (part of ThyssenKrupp).

Like the KSS-I Chang Bogo-class submarines, the KSS-II Son Won-il class submarines has also have its design traced back to the same German shipbuilding designer and manufacturer, whereby the design for this type of ships have patterned itself after the HDW Type 214 submarines, also used by countries like Greece with its four (4) Papanikolis-class submarines, Portugal with its Tridente-class submarines, and Turkiye and its Reis-class submarines.

The KSS-III submarines come differently from the two (2) submarine designs previously developed and produced by South Korea’s primary shipbuilding companies, whereby this comes as the first indigenously built submarine with a design that is also indigenously developed in South Korea. This is not surprising, considering that the country’s experience in producing and improving its submarines using the first two incorporated designs developed from Germany helped improve the country’s experience for this phase.

Speaking of recent developments, the first KSS-III designed submarine, the ROKS Dosan Ahn Chang-Ho (SS-083) achieved its first milestone as the then-DSME launched this first submarine on September 14, 2018 in the South Korean shipbuilder’s Geoje facility in the country’s port city of Busan. This milestone comes as a significant development for the South Korean shipbuilder, as they achieve this feat since the submarine’s first construction phase that took place in 2016.

Unlike the previous type of submarines that South Korean shipbuilders help develop and produce, specifically the KSS-I and KSS-II type submarines, the KSS-III may sport a new type of capability, of which this will add further to the war-fighting capabilities of this naval asset that goes beyond just attacking other naval assets at sea. This refers to its capability of carrying submarine-launched ballistic missiles or SLBMs, launched from its specially designed vertical launched system (VLS) cells intended for this purpose.

Ultimately, this shows the overall phases of submarine development as processed and planned by the South Koreans led by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration or DAPA, enabling them to have at least three (3) classes of submarines spanning three steps of design introductions. One submarine developed in the program comes as more capable and sophisticated than the last, and the vessels produced by South Korean shipyards primarily come with that country’s national security in mind.

MARKETING

South Korea’s Hanwha Ocean actively markets the KSS-III submarine design to India, with the BrahMos missile seen in the illustration.
Image Source.

Aside from the Philippines, Hanwha Ocean is actively marketing its KSS-III submarine design to other countries, as they are attempting to expand their market share in the global market not only for submarines but also for other military hardware that Hanwha group actively push, such as their Naval Shield Integrated Combat Management System that several Philippine Navy vessels have onboard. And with it comes the slight subsystems changes that can fit end-user requirements.

One of these marketing pushes is with then-Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering (DSME)’s offer to the Indian Navy, whereby they provided a variant of the KSS-III submarine to this country, of which this is called the P-75I submarine project. It competes with other naval shipbuilders that take part in marketing their respective designs for the Indian Navy to consider, such as the French Naval Group’s Barracuda-designed submarine, Navantia’s S-80 Plus submarines, Germany’s Type 214, and Russia’s Amur 1650 subs.

Initially, the submarine offer made by DSME does not come with Vertical Launching Systems or VLS cells for the Indian Navy to launch its missiles like the supersonic BrahMos missiles (see image above) that the Philippine Marine Corps gets for its shore-based defense prospects. This gets clarified later on that the Indian variant of the South Korean-made submarine may actually come with VLS systems, only that it will come less than what the Republic of Korea Navy variants typically come with.

Another country that South Korea sets its sights on related to its marketing prospects is the North American country of Canada, whereby it is competing against the Japanese Taigei-class submarines and the Spanish S-80 Plus submarines for the country’s requirements to replace its older submarines in its fleet with a contract price amounting to US$44.9 Billion or 60 Trillion South Korean Won. This calls for the requirement of at least twelve (12) diesel-powered subs that can replace the older Victoria-class submarines.

The Canadian deal, once pushed through, may help boost the South Korean submarine shipbuilding industry further, as this gets expounded further its submarine development, of which they may introduce a more-capable and better design later on, with several discussions surrounding the idea of South Koreans producing their own nuclear-powered submarines for their naval needs, although it only dwells on opinionated takes and not on the current path that the country’s naval branch pursues.

These deals may benefit the Philippines as well, if the country chooses the South Korean-built submarine for the submarine acquisition project, and if the two (2) aforementioned countries also opt to get this similar submarine design, whereby these countries comes with respective spare parts source, improving the logistical and maintenance and operational requirements of the submarines. This, of course, only comes in an ideal world format, with prospects being less likely to take place.

Overall, it shows the current push by both Hanwha Ocean, its predecessor Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering or DSME, and the South Korean government in promoting this submarine product for other countries to operate for, whereby it gives benefits for the South Korean shipbuilding industry in terms of submarine design, construction, and shipbuilding, while the respective end users receive the much-needed capabilities that the KSS-III submarine design have in its offer.

SPECIFICATIONS

The KSS-3 submarine’s capability possesses a firepower potential intended to deter its rogue northern neighbor of North Korea, which also possess submarines of similar possessive firepower setup.
(c) H.I. Sutton, via Image Source.

As the KSS-3 submarine’s basic description of its capabilities, like its ability to function as a ballistic missile platform that carries Korean-made missiles of this configuration, gets highlighted, delving and understanding its comprehensive functionality deserves a discussion on this portion of the writeup. The focus on the submarines’ subsystems and subcomponents that come with this vessel helps deliver the information about what this newest South Korean submarine development comes in offering to potential customers.

The KSS-III batch II submarine’s specifications, itself being an improvement from the Dosan Ahn Chang Ho-class submarines of the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN), come with the following information as provided by Naval News defense outlet - Displacement of 3,600tons (surfaced) and 4,000tons (submerged), 89.4 meters length, 9.7 meters beam, 7.6 meters draught, 6x 533 mm ATP torpedo tubes Babcock International WHLS for the likes of K761 Tiger Shark torpedoes, submarine-launched mobile mine, and 10x VLS cells.

Regarding the Philippine Navy’s version, the Jangbogo-III PN variant of the KSS-III submarine, comes with the following specifications - 77 meters overall length, 9.7 meters beam, 2,800tons (surfaced), 21 knots submerged speed, and accommodation of 31 to 41 Philippine Navy submariners and crew onboard the vessel. Like the advanced KSS-III submarine, it comes with 6 torpedo tubes of undetermined size and other details, and the propulsion system of the latest diesel generator, AC PM motor, and Lithium-ion battery.

The main feature and marketing point that Hanwha Ocean pitched to the Philippine Navy leadership lies in the capability that the Jangbogo-III PN has in its lithium-ion battery configuration, whereby the South Korean shipbuilder focuses on longer cruising range of the submarine upon submerging underwater, longer life cycle on the repetitive charging and operation of the batteries, and short charging time akin to the functionalities of modern smartphones that uses this modern technology.

Unlike the advanced variants introduced to the Republic of Korea Navy and marketed in countries like India, the Jangbogo-III PN submarines, based on the information provided, may initially not come with ballistic missile launch capability, explaining the absence of any mention of VLS cells onboard this submarine variant that the likes of the KSS-III batch II submarines have as initially designed. Still, this might still change as future developments may give emphasis on this capability as a deal breaker later on.

Finally, another thing to point up in the submarine version of the KSS-III design that the Philippine Navy sets to receive is that it does not come with an Air-Independent Propulsion or AIP system onboard the vessel, once again attributing it back to Hanwha Ocean’s main marketing point about its advanced lithium ion battery system. This is understandable as it will be the first time for the Philippine Navy to operate and maintain submarines and such a feature may come as the organization gets more experience.

To sum up, the Jangbogo-III PN submarine variant that Hanwha Ocean has provided to the Philippine Navy comes as smaller and less capable than the mainstream KSS-III variant that the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN) operates, but still come as more sophisticated and capable compared to its previous KSS-I (Jangbogo) submarines offer, itself being a smaller-designed submarine coming as a derivative from the Type 209 variant from Germany and offered to the Philippine Navy as the DSME-1400 PN submarine design.

COMPARING TO OTHER SUBMARINE CANDIDATES

India’s Kalvari-class submarines come as a subset of the Scorpene-class submarine design. 
Image gathered from Wikimedia Commons.

The Philippine Navy’s submarine acquisition project comes with stiff competition between shipbuilders that take part in this program, as the Hanwha Ocean of South Korea needs to provide a better offer for its package deal to this project compared to other shipbuilders. In context, other shipbuilders that take part in this project are France’s Naval Group and its Scorpene-class submarine, Spain’s Navantia and its S-80 Plus Isaac Peral-class submarines, and Italy’s Fincantieri shipbuilding company.

Before going to the specifics of comparing the Jangbogo-III PN submarine design to the offers made by other shipbuilders, Pitz Defense Analysis will cover first the advantage of this submarine to the previous submarine offer, which is the DSME-1400 PN submarine design pushed by Hanwha Ocean. From the tonnage alone, the Jangbogo-III PN comes heavier, as the DSME-1400 PN comes with 1,100tons surface displacement and 1,285 tons submerged displacement, compared to Jangbogo-III PN’s 2,800tons displacement.

Speaking of tonnages, the submarine candidate that almost has similar weight displacement to the Jangbogo-III PN among the ones presented in the Philippine Navy’s submarine acquisition project is the S-80 Isaac Peral-class submarines from the Spanish shipbuilder Navantia. The latter comes with both the surface and submerged displacement of 2,965 tons, which comes slightly heavier than the former, while being larger with 81 meters length, 11.6 meters beam, and 6.3 meters draught.

In comparison, the Scorpene-class submarines come as lighter and smaller vessel compared to the offers made by both South Korea’s Hanwha Ocean and Spain’s Navantia, whereby the weight displacement for this French-made vessel comes at around 1,700/1,750 tons, while having its dimensions of around 66.4 meters (67.5 meters for submarines operated by Royal Malaysian Navy), 6.2 meters in beam, and 5.8 meters draught (5.3 for the Royal Malaysian Navy variant).

One commonality found in all the offers made by aforementioned submarine shipbuilders to the Philippine Navy is that the submarines may not come with air-independent propulsion or AIP systems onboard, and instead stick once again to the lithium-ion battery technology like what Hanwha Ocean offers. This makes sense, as the Philippine Navy submarines may likely get deployed within the country’s territorial and EEZ waters that mitigate the absence of this crucial capability for diesel-powered submarines.

To add it up, the shipbuilders have their respective offers and packages that come as part of the offer aside from just providing submarine designs and specifications that already are competitive in their own right. All shipbuilders provided offers of submarine basing that accommodate the purchased vessels under this project, with the ones from Naval Group providing the fully comprehensive planning on this package. 

As for Hanwha Ocean, its package deal for its submarine deal aside from the delivery of Jangbogo-III PN vessels come with programs that may help support the Armed Forces of the Philippines’ Self-Reliance Defense Posture or SRDP, of which the South Korean shipbuilder provides submarine training facilities for the future crew of the submarines to train and to get immersed on submarine operational simulation prior to their deployment into the real units purchased by the Philippine Navy through the Defense Department.

ENDING NOTE

Italy’s Finantieri joins the fray by taking part in the submarine project.
Image Source.

The Philippine Navy is actively pursuing the acquisition of submarines that serve as an essential element of carrying out the national government’s current policy stance regarding the enormous shift the entire Armed Forces of the Philippines undertake from the usual counterinsurgency-related internal operations into territorial defense. The geopolitical implications pushed by different forces in areas like the West Philippine Sea make this push much needed by the planners within the leadership.

Amidst the backdrop of geopolitical brinkmanship employed by regional actors involved in either shifting or keeping the status quo in the Indo-Pacific region, the Armed Forces of the Philippines actively pursue its modernization of the Armed Forces even further, so much that the government revised its Horizon 3 phase that gets extended from 2028 to a full 10-year plan, which is until 2034. Adding to this revision is a defense package equating to Php 1 Trillion or US$35 Billion, sufficient for essential military hardware purposes.

Prior to this development, the Hanwha Ocean actively offered its DSME-1400 PN submarines for the Philippine Navy to consider, competing with the likes of Scorpene-class submarines of Naval Group and S-80 Plus Isaac Peral-class submarines of Navantia. The comprehensive package deal presented by Naval Group for submarine basing and support, and the enhanced capabilities of the submarines presented by Navantia, prompted Hanwha Ocean to upgrade its deal into the Jangbogo-III PN design.

The upgraded deal made by the South Korean shipbuilder come as an attempt at providing a better submarine offer plus after sales support that sees desirable for the leadership within the Philippine Navy to consider, itself an example of the benefits presented by the competitive bidding process as exhibited by the details provided under the Government Procurement Reform law of 2003 or the Republic Act 9184 and its 2016 Implementing Rules and Implementations (IRR). 

Regarding the provided specifications of the Korean-developed submarine, the Jangbogo-III PN submarine design comes slightly smaller than the original KSS-III submarine design that became the Dosan Ahn Chang Ho-class submarines of the Republic of Korea Navy, although its primary capability feature that Hanwha Ocean markets for the Philippine Navy to consider lies with its lithium-ion battery feature that enables the submarines to remain submerged without the need of AIP technology.

With the South Korean shipbuilder upgrading its submarine offer for the Philippine Navy leadership to consider, it remains to see how it fares out to the overall progress of the submarine acquisition project, as each shipbuilder comes with interesting offers that may define the direction of the country’s submarine fleet for the upcoming years. Also, with the entry of Italy into this submarine project further intensifies the competition, giving the leadership options to get the best offer for the amount allotted to the project.

Ultimately, the Philippine Navy is now keen on improving its capabilities even further, of which coupled with submarines, the service branch also has plans to purchase additional Frigates and Corvettes to supplement its surface fleet even further. While the preferences of Philippine Frigates and Corvettes come with South Korean‌ designs, there is a likelihood that European designs get presented later on, putting a competition as stiff and as intensive as the current push for introducing submarines to a country that currently lacks one.

(c) 2024 PDA.

Share:

Read More